Anomalous Increase in Self-Induced EMF with Zero Average Supply Current

Anomalous Increase in Self-Induced EMF
with Zero Average Supply Current.

According to classical electromagnetism, the amplitude of the self-induced EMF is determined solely by the magnitude of the current flowing at the moment the circuit is opened. This current, in turn, depends only on the duration of the transistor's on-state. Therefore, if the pulse width remains unchanged, the current at the moment of circuit interruption—and consequently the amplitude of the self-induced EMF at the end of each pulse—must also remain unchanged.

The proposed method, however, demonstrates a several-fold increase in the amplitude of the self-induced EMF while maintaining the same pulse width. Since the pulse width remains unchanged, the current drawn from the power supply during the transistor's on-state also remains unchanged. Nevertheless, the charge accumulated in the storage capacitor, and consequently the energy stored in it, increases several-fold, even though the current at the moment of circuit interruption remains unchanged.

At this point, it is important to emphasize that the amplitude of the self-induced EMF at the moment of circuit interruption is determined not only by the magnitude of the current, but also by the rate of change of the current at that instant. This follows directly from Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction and is described by the equation:

In other words, it is the rate of change of the current at the moment of circuit interruption that is the key factor determining the pulse amplitude. In my experiment, both the magnitude of the current at the moment of circuit interruption and its rate of change remain unchanged.

Circuit Diagram of the Free Energy Generator.

• Power Supply: Adjustable DC power supply, 12–50 V. The effect remains stable when using a linear power supply, a boost converter, a gasoline generator, or a UPS.
• Circuit Configuration: The power supply, the transformer's primary winding, the transistor, and the negative terminal of the power supply are connected in series.
• Transformer T1: Ferrite toroidal core (80 × 50 × 20 mm). Primary winding: 2.9 mH; secondary winding: 3.56 mH (0.75 mm² wire wound on opposite sides of the toroidal core).
• Switching Device: MOSFET RSM1701K0W. It is driven by the signal generator through an ISO721MD digital isolator and a TC4452 gate driver. The driver is powered by an isolated 15 V supply with a floating ground, completely isolated from the negative terminal of the main power supply.
• Energy Storage: A 1 µF capacitor connected in series with a C4D20120D Schottky diode is connected across the secondary winding.
• Measurements: MS5308 LCR meter; Siglent SDS1204X-E oscilloscope (probe grounds connected to the negative terminal of the power supply). Yellow trace: gate voltage; burgundy trace: drain voltage (self-induced EMF pulse).

Description of the Experiment.

The accompanying video demonstrates the tuning procedure. By gradually reducing the interval between the end of one pulse and the beginning of the next, it is possible to achieve a several-fold increase in the amplitude of the self-induced EMF, manifested by an increase in the voltage across the storage capacitor.

Before tuning, the voltage across the storage capacitor was 130 V. After determining the optimum pulse repetition frequency, the voltage increased to 530 V. The energy stored in the capacitor increased from:

to:

Conclusions.

The proposed method demonstrates that, by changing the pulse repetition frequency (specifically, by reducing the interval between pulses) while keeping the pulse width unchanged, it is possible to achieve a several-fold increase in the voltage across the storage capacitor and, consequently, in the energy stored in it. According to conventional electromagnetic theory, the capacitor charging rate may vary; however, the maximum energy stored in the capacitor should not increase under these conditions.

The key point is that, in my experiment, the capacitance remains fixed at 1 µF. Only the interval between pulses is changed. At the same time:

• the current at the moment of circuit interruption remains unchanged;
• the rate of change of the current at the moment of interruption remains unchanged (since the transistor and the control system prevent such variations);
• the pulse width remains unchanged;
• yet the voltage across the capacitor increases fourfold (from 130 V to 530 V).

If this were an ordinary energy redistribution process, then, with a fixed capacitance, the voltage could not increase without an increase in either the current, the pulse width, or the rate of its change. However, in my experiment, none of these parameters change.

A zero reading on the power supply ammeter does not mean that current is absent from the circuit. At the moment of circuit interruption (when the transistor turns off), a self-induced EMF appears across the inductor. This EMF generates a high-voltage pulse, and a reverse current begins to flow in the primary winding circuit toward the power supply. This current flows in the opposite direction and returns to the power supply.

This is illustrated by the oscilloscope waveform, where the green trace represents the current measured through the shunt, and the burgundy trace shows the self-induced EMF pulse. A precise quantitative measurement is difficult; however, the waveform provides a general picture and allows the dynamics of the forward and reverse currents to be observed. The positive portion of the current waveform represents the current returning to the power supply. Thus, the zero reading on the power supply ammeter indicates that, over the measurement interval, the average current drawn from the power supply is compensated by the current flowing back into the supply.

The absence of any increase in the current drawn from the power supply during a short circuit of the secondary winding makes it unnecessary to connect a resistive load instead of the storage capacitor, since no conduction current flows in the secondary circuit in this mode. Therefore, the proposed method is intended exclusively for cyclic operation: charging the storage capacitor, terminating the generation process, and then discharging the capacitor into a resistive load.

A key tuning condition is to achieve zero (or the minimum possible) current draw from the power supply, both during charging of the storage capacitor and when the secondary winding is short-circuited. This indicates that the circuit is effectively decoupled from the power supply. In addition, the supply voltage also affects the magnitude of the current draw: varying the supply voltage allows the current drawn from the power supply to be adjusted and the optimal operating mode of the circuit to be selected.

The effect is consistently reproduced using various types of power supplies, inductors, and switching transistors. This indicates that the observed phenomenon is related to fundamental physical processes rather than being dependent on specific electronic components.

After tuning your experimental setup, compare the waveforms of the primary and secondary windings of the ferrite toroidal core. You may observe an anomaly that appears to contradict the conventional understanding of magnetic induction in a ferrite core.